The Battle of the Little Big Horn
"Custer's Last Stand"
Although much has been written about this drastic event, stories vary greatly depending on who is doing the telling. Over the last few years I have, off and on, been researching into this subject, and from the wealth of information I have gathered from sources of all types, have put together what I believe to be the closest thing to the truth as I think we will ever be able to get.
The following poses many questions and tries to explain the depth of feelings that were running high at the time. I will start with the Treaty of Fort Laramie signed in 1868 by many Natives along with the US Government, that stated the great area of the Black Hills in Dakota, recognized as Sioux Territory were to remain exactly that. The idea being that white man would not encroach on this land, and the Sioux were to be 'allowed' their freedom here. This treaty however, was something as we shall see that soon proved to be worthless!
***
Treaty of Fort Laramie
In
an 1868 treaty signed at Fort Laramie and other military posts in Sioux country,
the United States recognized the Black Hills of Dakota as part of the Great
Sioux Reservation, set aside for exclusive use by the Sioux people. However,
after the discovery of gold there in 1874, the United States confiscated the
land in 1877. To this day, ownership of the Black Hills remains the subject
of a legal dispute between the U.S. government and the Sioux.
Article
II delineates the border of the land set aside for the Sioux. The final pages
of the 1868 treaty bear the names and markings of the Sioux chiefs and the signatures
of the American commissioners who represented the United States.
TREATY
WITH THE SIOUX-- BRULÉ, OGLALA, MINICONJOU, YANKTONAI, HUNKPAPA, BLACKFEET,
CUTHEAD, TWO KETTLE, SANS ARCS, AND SANTEE--AND ARAPAHO
15
Stat., 635.
Ratified, Feb. 16, 1869.
Proclaimed, Feb. 24, 1869
Articles
of a treaty made and concluded by and between Lieutenant-General William T.
Sherman, General William S. Harney, General Alfred H. Terry, General C. C,.
Augur, J. B. Henderson, Nathaniel G. Taylor, John B. Sanborn, and Samuel F.
Tappan, duly appointed commissioners on the part of the United States, and the
different bands of the Sioux Nation of Indians, by their chiefs and head-men,
whose names are hereto subscribed, they being duly authorized to act in the
premises.
ARTICLE
1. From this day forward all war between the parties to this agreement shall
forever cease. The Government of the United States desires peace, and its honor
is hereby pledged to keep it. The Indians desire peace, and they now pledge
their honor to maintain it.
If
bad men among the whites, or among other people subject to the authority of
the United States, shall commit any wrong upon the person or property of the
Indians, the United States will, upon proof made to the agent and forwarded
to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs at Washington City, proceed at once to
cause the offender to be arrested and punished according to the laws of the
United States, and also reimburse the injured person for the loss sustained.
If
bad men among the Indians shall commit a wrong or depredation upon the person
or property of any one, white, black, or Indian, subject to the authority of
the United States, and at peace therewith, the Indians herein named solemnly
agree that they will, upon proof made to their agent and notice by him, deliver
up the wrong-doer to the United States, to be tried and punished according to
its laws; and in case they willfully refuse so to do, the person injured shall
be reimbursed for his loss from the annuities or other moneys due or to become
due to them under this or other treaties made with the United States. And the
President, on advising with the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, shall prescribe
such rules and regulations for ascertaining damages under the provisions of
this article as in his judgment may be proper. But no one sustaining loss while
violating the provisions of this treaty or the laws of the United States shall
be reimbursed therefore.
ARTICLE
2. The United States agrees that the following district of country, to wit,
viz: commencing on the east bank of the Missouri River where the forty-sixth
parallel of north latitude crosses the same, thence along low-water mark down
said east bank to a point opposite where the northern line of the State of Nebraska
strikes the river, thence west across said river, and along the northern line
of Nebraska to the one hundred and fourth degree of longitude west from Greenwich,
thence north on said meridian to a point where the forty-sixth parallel of north
latitude intercepts the same, thence due east along said parallel to the place
of beginning; and in addition thereto, all existing reservations on the east
bank of said river shall be, and the same is, set apart for the absolute and
undisturbed use and occupation of the Indians herein named, and for such other
friendly tribes or individual Indians as from time to time they may be willing,
with the consent of the United States, to admit amongst them; and the United
States now solemnly agrees that no persons except those herein designated and
authorized so to do, and except such officers, agents, and employees of the
Government as may be authorized to enter upon Indian reservations in discharge
of duties enjoined by law, shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon,
or reside in the territory described in this article, or in such territory as
may be added to this reservation for the use of said Indians, and henceforth
they will and do hereby relinquish all claims or right in and to any portion
of the United States or Territories, except such as is embraced within the limits
aforesaid, and except as hereinafter provided.
ARTICLE
3. If it should appear from actual survey or other satisfactory examination
of said tract of land that it contains less than one hundred and sixty acres
of tillable land for each person who, at the time, may be authorized to reside
on it under the provisions of this treaty, and a very considerable number of
such persons shall be disposed to commence cultivating the soil as farmers,
the United States agrees to set apart, for the use of said Indians, as herein
provided, such additional quantity of arable land, adjoining to said reservation,
or as near to the same as it can be obtained, as may be required to provide
the necessary amount.
ARTICLE
4. The United States agrees, at its own proper expense, to construct at some
place on the Missouri River, near the center of said reservation, where timber
and water may be convenient, the following buildings, to wit: a warehouse, a
store-room for the use of the agent in storing goods belonging to the Indians,
to cost not less than twenty-five hundred dollars; an agency-building for the
residence of the agent, to cost not exceeding three thousand dollars; a residence
for the physician, to cost not more than three thousand dollars; and five other
buildings, for a carpenter, farmer, blacksmith, miller, and engineer, each to
cost not exceeding two thousand dollars; also a schoolhouse or mission-building,
so soon as a sufficient number of children can be induced by the agent to attend
school, which shall not cost exceeding five thousand dollars.
The
United States agrees further to cause to be erected on said reservation, near
the other buildings herein authorized, a good steam circular-saw mill, with
a grist-mill and shingle-machine attached to the same, to cost not exceeding
eight thousand dollars.
ARTICLE
5. The United States agrees that the agent for said Indians shall in the future
make his home at the agency-building; that he shall reside among them, and keep
an office open at all times for the purpose of prompt and diligent inquiry into
such matters of complaint by and against the Indians as may be presented for
investigation under the provisions of their treaty stipulations, as also for
the faithful discharge of other duties enjoined on him by law. In all cases
of depredation on person or property he shall cause the evidence to be taken
in writing and forwarded, together with his findings, to the Commissioner of
Indian Affairs, whose decision, subject to the revision of the Secretary of
the Interior, shall be binding on the parties to this treaty.
ARTICLE
6. if any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated
with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he
shall have the privilege to select, in the presence and with the assistance
of the agent then in charge, a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding
three hundred and twenty acres in extent, which tract, when so selected, certified,
and recorded in the "land-book," as herein directed, shall cease to
be held in common, but the same may be occupied and held in the exclusive possession
of the person selecting it, and of his family, so long as he or they may continue
to cultivate it.
Any
person over eighteen years of age, not being the head of a family, may in like
manner select and cause to be certified to him or her, for purposes of cultivation,
a quantity of land not exceeding eighty acres in extent, and thereupon be entitled
to the exclusive possession of the same as above directed.
For
each tract of land so selected a certificate, containing a description thereof
and the name of the person selecting it, with a certificate endorsed thereon
that the same has been recorded, shall be delivered to the party entitled to
it, by the agent, after the same shall have been recorded by him in a book to
be kept in his office, subject to inspection, which said book shall be known
as the "Sioux Land-Book."
The
President may, at any time, order a survey of the reservation, and, when so
surveyed, Congress shall provide for protecting the rights of said settlers
in their improvements, and may fix the character of the title held by each.
The United States may pass such laws on the subject of alienation and descent
of property between the Indians and their descendants as may be thought proper.
And it is further stipulated that any male Indians, over eighteen years of age,
of any band or tribe that is or shall hereafter become a party to this treaty,
who now is or who shall hereafter become a resident or occupant of any reservation
or Territory not included in the tract of country designated and described in
this treaty for the permanent home of the Indians, which is not mineral land,
nor reserved by the United States for special purposes other than Indian occupation,
and who shall have made improvements thereon of the value of two hundred dollars
or more, and continuously occupied the same as a homestead for the term of three
years, shall be entitled to receive from the United States a patent for one
hundred and sixty acres of land including his said improve-meats, the same to
be in the form of the legal subdivisions of the surveys of the public lands.
Upon application in writing, sustained by the proof of two disinterested witnesses,
made to the register of the local land-office when the land sought to be entered
is within a land district, and when the tract sought to be entered is not in
any land district, then upon said application and proof being made to the Commissioner
of the General Land-Office, and the right of such Indian or Indians to enter
such tract or tracts of land shall accrue and be perfect from the date of his
first improvements thereon, and shall continue as long as he continues his residence
and improvements, and no longer'. And any Indian or Indians receiving a patent
for land under the foregoing provisions, shall thereby and from thenceforth
become and be a citizen of the United States, and be entitled to all the privileges
and immunities of such citizens, and shall, at the same time, retain all his
rights to benefits accruing to Indians under this treaty.
ARTICLE
7. In order to insure the civilization of the Indians entering into this treaty,
the necessity of education is admitted, especially of such of them as are or
may be settled on said agricultural reservations, and they therefore pledge
themselves to compel their children, male and female, between the ages of six
and sixteen years, to attend school; and it is hereby made the duty of the agent
for said Indians to see that this stipulation is strictly complied with; and
the United States agrees that for every thirty children between said ages who
can be induced or compelled to attend school, a house shall be provided and
a teacher competent to teach the elementary branches of an English education
shall be furnished, who will reside among said Indians, and faithfully discharge
his or her duties as a teacher. The provisions of this article to continue for
not less than twenty years.
ARTICLE
8. When the head of a family or lodge shall have selected lands and received
his certificate as above directed, and the agent shall be satisfied that he
intends in good faith to commence cultivating the soil for a living, he shall
be entitled to receive seeds and agricultural implements for the first year,
not exceeding in value one hundred dollars, and for each succeeding year he
shall continue to farm, for a period of three years more, he shall be entitled
to receive seeds and implements as aforesaid, not exceeding in value twenty-five
dollars.
And
it is further stipulated that such persons as commence farming shall receive
instruction from the farmer herein provided for, and whenever more than one
hundred persons shall enter upon the cultivation of the soil, a second blacksmith
shall be provided, with such iron, steel, and other material as may be needed.
ARTICLE
9. At any time after ten years from the making of this treaty, the United States
shall have the privilege of withdrawing the physician, farmer, blacksmith, carpenter,
engineer, and miller herein provided for, but in case of such withdrawal, an
additional sum thereafter of ten thousand dollars per annum shall be devoted
to the education of said Indians, and the Commissioner of Indian Affairs shall,
upon careful inquiry into their condition, make such rules and regulations for
the expenditure of said sum as will best promote the educational and moral improvement
of said tribes.
ARTICLE
10. In lieu of all sums of money or other annuities provided to be paid to the
Indians herein named, under any treaty or treaties heretofore made, the United
States agrees to deliver at the agency-house on the reservation herein named,
on or before the first day of August of each year, for thirty years, the following
articles, to wit:
For
each male person over fourteen years of age, a suit of good substantial woolen
clothing, consisting of coat, pantaloons, flannel shirt, hat, and a pair of
home-made socks.
For
each female over twelve years of age, a flannel skirt, or the goods necessary
to make it, a pair of woolen hose, twelve yards of calico, and twelve yards
of cotton domestics.
For
the boys and girls under the ages named, such flannel and cotton goods as may
be needed to make each a suit as aforesaid, together with a pair of woolen hose
for each.
And
in order that the Commissioner of Indian Affairs may be able to estimate properly
for the articles herein named, it shall be the duty of the agent each year to
forward to him a full and exact census of the Indians, on which the estimate
from year to year can be based.
And
in addition to the clothing herein named, the sum of ten dollars for each person
entitled to the beneficial effects of this treaty shall be annually appropriated
for a period of thirty years, while such persons roam and hunt, and twenty dollars
for, each person who engages in farming, to be used by the Secretary of the
Interior in the purchase of such articles as from time to time the condition
and necessities of the Indians may indicate to be proper. And if within the
thirty years, at any time, it shall appear that the amount of money needed for
clothing under this article can be appropriated to better uses for the Indians
named herein, Congress may, by law, change the appropriation to other purposes;
but in no event shall the amount of this appropriation be withdrawn or discontinued
for the period named. And the President shall annually detail an officer of
the Army to be present and attest the delivery of all the goods herein named
to the Indians, and he shall inspect and report on the quantity and quality
of the goods and the manner of their delivery. And it is hereby expressly stipulated
that each Indian over the age of four years, who shall have removed to and settled
permanently upon said reservation and complied with the stipulations of this
treaty, shall be entitled to receive from the United States, for the period
of four years after he shall have settled upon said reservation, one pound of
meat and one pound of flour per day, provided the Indians cannot furnish their
own subsistence at an earlier date. And it is further stipulated that the United
States will furnish and deliver to each lodge of Indians or family of persons
legally incorporated with them, who shall remove to the reservation herein described
and commence farming, one good American cow, and one good well-broken pair of
American oxen within sixty days after such lodge or family shall have so settled
upon said reservation.
ARTICLE
11. In consideration of the advantages and benefits conferred by this treaty,
and the many pledges of friendship by the United States, the tribes who are
parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right
to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservation as herein defined,
but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on
the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill River, so long as the buffalo may range
thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. And they, the said Indians,
further expressly agree:
1st.
That they will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads
now being built on the plains.
2d.
That they will permit the peaceful construction of any railroad not passing
over their reservation as herein defined.
3d.
That they will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or
disturb any wagon-trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people
of the United States, or to persons friendly therewith.
4th.
They will never capture, or carry off from the settlements, white women or children.
5th.
They will never kill or scalp white men, nor attempt to do them harm.
6th.
They withdraw all pretence of opposition to the construction of the railroad
now being built along the Platte River and westward to the Pacific Ocean, and
they will not in future object to the construction of railroads, wagon-roads,
mail-stations, or other works of utility or necessity, which may be ordered
or permitted by the laws of the United States. But should such roads or other
works be constructed on the lands of their reservation, the Government will
pay the tribe whatever amount of damage may be assessed by three disinterested
commissioners to be appointed by the President for that purpose, one of said
commissioners to be a chief or head-man of the tribe.
7th.
They agree to withdraw all opposition to the military posts or roads now established
south of the North Platte River, or that may be established, not in violation
of treaties heretofore made or hereafter to be made with any of the Indian tribes.
ARTICLE
12. No treaty for the cession of any portion or part of the reservation herein
described which may be held in common shall be of any validity or force as against
the said Indians, unless executed and signed by at least three-fourths of all
the adult male Indians, occupying or interested in the same; and no cession
by the tribe shall be understood or construed in such manner as to deprive,
without his consent, any individual member of the tribe of his rights to any
tract of land selected by him, as provided in article 6 of this treaty.
ARTICLE
13. The United States hereby agrees to furnish annually to the Indians the physician,
teachers, carpenter, miller, engineer, farmer, and blacksmiths as herein contemplated,
and that such appropriations shall be made from time to time, on the estimates
of the Secretary of the Interior, as will be sufficient to employ such persons.
ARTICLE
14. it is agreed that the sum of five hundred dollars annually, for three years
from date, shall be expended in presents to the ten persons of said tribe who
in the judgment of the agent may grow the most valuable crops for the respective
year.
ARTICLE
15. The Indians herein named agree that when the agency-house or other buildings
shall be constructed on the reservation named, they will regard said reservation
their permanent home, and they will make no permanent settlement elsewhere;
but they shall have the right, subject to the conditions and modifications of
this treaty, to hunt, as stipulated in Article 11 hereof.
ARTICLE
16. The United States hereby agrees and stipulates that the country north of
the North Platte River and east of the summits of the Big Horn Mountains shall
be held and considered to be unceeded Indian territory, and also stipulates
and agrees that no white person or persons shall be permitted to settle upon
or occupy any portion of the same; or without the consent of the Indians first
had and obtained, to pass through the same; and it is further agreed by the
United States that within ninety days after the conclusion of peace with all
the bands of the Sioux Nation, the military posts now established in the territory
in this article named shall be abandoned, and that the road leading to them
and by them to the settlements in the Territory of Montana shall be closed.
ARTICLE
17. It is hereby expressly understood and agreed by and between the respective
parties to this treaty that the execution of this treaty and its ratification
by the United States Senate shall have the effect, and shall be construed as
abrogating and annulling all treaties and agreements heretofore entered into
between the respective parties hereto, so far as such treaties and agreements
obligate the United States to furnish and provide money, clothing, or other
articles of property to such Indians and bands of Indians as become parties
to this treaty, but no further.
In
testimony of all which, we, the said commissioners, and we, the chiefs and headmen
of the Brulé' band of the Sioux nation, have hereunto set our hands and seals
at Fort Laramie, Dakota Territory, this twenty-ninth day of April, in the year
one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight.
N.
G. Taylor, [SEAL]
W. T. Sherman, [SEAL]
Lieutenant-General.
Wm. S. Harney, [SEAL]
Brevet Major-General U. S. Army.
John B. Sanborn, [SEAL]
S. F. Tappan, [SEAL]
C. C. Augur, [SEAL]
Brevet Major-General.
Alfred H. Terry, [SEAL]
Brevet Major-General U. S. Army.
A.
S. H. White, Secretary.
Executed
on the part of the Brulé band of Sioux by the chiefs and headmen whose names
are hereto annexed, they being thereunto duly authorized, at Fort Laramie, D.
T., the twenty-ninth day of April, in the year A. D. 1868.
Ma-za-pon-kaska,
his x mark, Iron Shell. [SEAL]
Wah-pat-shah, his x mark, Red Leaf. [SEAL]
Hah-sah-pah, his x mark, Black Horn. [SEAL]
Zin-tah-gah-lat-skah, his x mark, Spotted Tail. [SEAL]
Zin-tah-skah, his x mark, White Tail. [SEAL]
Me-wah-tah-ne-ho-skah, his x mark, Tall Mandas. [SEAL]
She-cha-chat-kah, his x mark, Bad Left Hand. [SEAL]
No-mah-no-pah, his x mark, Two and Two. [SEAL]
Tah-tonka-skah, his x mark, White Bull. [SEAL]
Con-ra-washta, his x mark, Pretty Coon. [SEAL]
Ha-cah-cah-she-chah, his x mark, Bad Elk. [SEAL]
Wa-ha-ka-zah-ish-tah, his x mark, Eye Lance. [SEAL]
Ma-to-ha-ke-tah, his x mark, Bear that looks behind. [SEAL]
Bella-tonka-tonka, his x mark, Big Partisan. [SEAL]
Mah-to-ho-honka, his x mark, Swift Bear. [SEAL]
To-wis-ne, his x mark, Cold Place. [SEAL]
Ish-tah-skah, his x mark, White Eyes. [SEAL]
Ma-ta-loo-zah, his x mark, Fast Bear. [SEAL]
As-hah-kah-nah-zhe, his x mark, Standing Elk. [SEAL]
Can-te-te-ki-ya, his x mark, The Brave Heart. [SEAL]
Shunka-shaton, his x mark, Day Hawk. [SEAL]
Tatanka-wakon, his Sacred Bull. [SEAL]
Mapia shaton, his x mark, Hawk Cloud. [SEAL]
Ma-sba-a-ow, his x mark, Stands and Comes. [SEAL]
Shon-ka-ton-ka, his x mark, Big Dog. [SEAL]
Ashton
S. H. White, secretary of commission.
George B. Withs, phonographer to commission.
Geo. H. Holtzman.
John D. Howlana.
James C. O'Connor.
Chas. E. Guern, interpreter.
Leon F. Pallardy, interpreter.
Nicholas Janis, interpreter.
Executed
on the part of the Ogallalah band of Sioux by the chiefs and headmen whose names
are hereto subscribed, they being thereunto duly authorized, at Fort Laramie,
the twenty-fifth day of May, in the year A. D. 1868.
Tah-shun-ka-co-qui-pah,
his x mark, Man-afraid-of-his-horses. [SEAL]
Sha-ton-skah, his x mark, White Hawk. [SEAL]
Sha-ton-sapah, his x mark, Black Hawk. [SEAL]
E-ga-mon-ton-ka-sapah, his x mark, Black Tiger. [SEAL]
Oh-wah-she-cha, his x mark, Bad Wound. [SEAL]
Pah-gee, his x mark, Grass. [SEAL]
Wah-non-reh-che-geh, his x mark, Ghost Heart. [SEAL]
Con-reeh, his x mark, Crow. [SEAL]
Oh-he-te-kah, his x mark,The Brave. [SEAL]
Tah-ton-kah-he-yo-ta-kah, his x mark, Sitting Bull. [SEAL]
Shon-ka-oh-wah-mon-ye, his x mark, Whirlwind Dog. [SEAL]
Ha-hah-kah-tah-mieeh, his x mark, Poor Elk. [SEAL]
Wam-bu-lee-wah-kon, his x mark, Medicine Eagle. [SEAL]
Chon-gah-ma-he-to-hans-ka, his x mark, High Wolf. [SEAL]
Wah-se-chun-ta-sbun-kah, his x mark, American Horse. [SEAL]
Mah-hah-mah-ha-mak-near, his x mark, Man that walks under the ground. [SEAL]
Mah-to-tow-pah, his x mark, Four Bears. [SEAL]
Ma-to-wee-sha-kta, his x mark, One that kills the bear. [SEAL]
Oh-tah-kee-toka-wee-chakta, his x mark, One that kills in a hard place. [SEAL]
Tah-ton-kah-ta-mieeh, his x mark, The poor Bull. [SEAL]
Oh-huns-ee-ga-non-sken, his x mark, Mad Shade. [SEAL]
Shah-ton-oh-nah-om-minne-ne-oh-minne, his x mark, Whirl ing Hawk. [SEAL]
Mah-to-ehun-ka-oh, his x mark, Bear's Back. [SEAL]
Che-ton-wee-koh, his x mark, Fool Hawk. [SEAL]
Wah-hoh-ke-za-ah-hah, his x mark, One that has the lance. [SEAL]
Shon-gah-manni-toh-tan-ka-seh, his x mark, Big Wolf Foot. [SEAL]
Eh-ton-kah, his x mark,Big Mouth. [SEAL]
Ma-pah-che-tah, his x mark, Bad Hand. [SEAL]
Wah-ke-yun-shah, his x mark, Red Thunder. [SEAL]
Wak-sah, his x mark, One that Cuts Off. [SEAL]
Cham-nom-qui-yah, his x mark, One that Presents the Pipe. [SEAL]
Wah-ke-ke-yan-puh-tah, his x mark, Fire Thunder. [SEAL]
Mah-to-nonk-pah-ze, his x mark, Bear with Yellow Ears. [SEAL]
Con-ree-teh-ka, his x mark, The Little Crow. [SEAL]
He-hup-pah-toh, his x mark, The Blue War Club. [SEAL]
Shon-kee-toh, his x mark, The Blue Horse. [SEAL]
Wam-Balla-oh-con-quo, his x mark, Quick Eagle. [SEAL]
Ta-tonka-suppa, his x mark, Black Bull. [SEAL]
Moh-to-ha-she-na, his x mark, The Bear Hide. [SEAL]
S.
E. Ward.
Jas. C. O'Connor.
J. M. Sherwood.
W. C. Slicer.
Sam Deon.
H. M. Matthews.
Joseph Bissonette, interpreter.
Nicholas Janis, interpreter.
Lefroy Jott, interpreter.
Antoine Janis, interpreter.
Executed
on the part of the Minneconjou band of Sioux by the chiefs and headmen whose
names are hereto subscribed, they being thereunto duly authorized.
At
Fort Laramie, D. T., May 26, 68, 13 names.
Heh-won-ge-chat,
his x mark, One Horn. [SEAL]
Oh-pon-ah-tah-e-manne, his x mark, The Elk that bellows Walking. [SEAL]
At
Fort Laramie, D. T., May 25, 68, 2 names.
Heh-ho-lah-reh-cha-skah,
his x mark, Young White Bull, [SEAL]
Wah chah chum kah coh kee-pah, his x mark, One that is afraid of Shield. [SEAL]
He-hon-ne-shakta, his x mark, The Old Owl. [SEAL]
Moc-pe-a-toh, his x mark, Blue Cloud. [SEAL]
Oh-pong-ge-le-skah, his x mark Spotted Elk. [SEAL]
Tah-tonk-ka-hon-ke-schne, his x mark, Slow Bull. [SEAL]
Shonk-a-nee-shah-shah-a-tah-pe, his x mark, The Dog Chief. [SEAL]
Ma-to-tah-ta-tonk-ka, his x mark, Bull Bear. [SEAL]
Wom-beh-le-ton-kah, his x mark, The Big Eagle. [SEAL]
Ma-toh-eh-schne-lah, his x mark, The Lone Bear. [SEAL]
Mah-toh-ke-su-yah, his x mark, The One who Remembers the Bear. [SEAL]
Ma-toh-oh-he-to-keh, his x mark, The Brave Bear. [SEAL]
Eh-che-ma-heh, his x mark, The Runner. [SEAL]
Ti-ki-ya, his x mark, The Hard. He-ma-za, his x mark, Iron Horn. [SEAL]
Jas.
C. O'Connor.
Wm. H. Brown.
Nicholas Janis, interpreter.
Antoine Janis, interpreter.
Executed
on the part of the Yanctonais band of Sioux by the chiefs and headmen whose
names are hereto subscribed, they being thereunto duly authorized.
Mah-to-non-pah,
his x mark, Two Bears. [SEAL]
Ma-to-hna-skin-ya, his x mark, Mad Bear. [SEAL]
He-o-pu-za, his x mark, Louzy. [SEAL]
Ah-ke-che-tah-che-ca-dan, his x mark, Little Soldier. [SEAL]
Mah-to-e-tan-chan, his x mark, Chief Bear. [SEAL]
Cu-wi-h-win, his x mark, Rotten Stomach. [SEAL]
Skun-ka-we-tko, his x mark, Fool Dog. [SEAL]
Ish-ta-sap-pah, his x mark, Black Eye. [SEAL]
Ih-tan-chan, his x mark, The Chief. [SEAL]
I-a-wi-ca-ka, his x mark, The one who Tells the Truth. [SEAL]
Ah-ke-che-tah, his x mark, The Soldier. [SEAL]
Ta-shi-na-gi, his x mark, Yellow Robe. [SEAL]
Nah-pe-ton-ka, his x mark, Big Hand. [SEAL]
Chan-tee-we-kto, his x mark, Fool Heart. [SEAL]
Hoh-gan-sah-pa, his x mark, Black Catfish. [SEAL]
Mah-to-wah-kan, his x mark, Medicine Bear. [SEAL]
Shun-ka-kan-sha, his x mark, Red Horse. [SEAL]
Wan-rode, his x mark, The Eagle. [SEAL]
Can-hpi-sa-pa, his x mark, Black Tomahawk. [SEAL]
War-he-le-re, his x mark, Yellow Eagle. [SEAL]
Cha-ton-che-ca, his x mark, Small Hawk, or Long Fare. [SEAL]
Shu-ger-mon-e-too-ha-ska, his x mark, Tall Wolf. [SEAL]
Ma-to-u-tah-kah, his x mark, Sitting Bear. [SEAL]
Hi-ha-cah-ge-na-skene, his x mark, Mad Elk. [SEAL]
Arapahoes:
Little Chief, his x mark. [SEAL]
Tall Bear, his x mark. [SEAL]
Top Man, his x mark. [SEAL]
Neva, his x mark. [SEAL]
The Wounded Bear, his x mark. [SEAL]
Thirlwind, his x mark The Fox, his x mark. [SEAL]
The Dog Big Mouth, his x mark. [SEAL]
Spotted Wolf, his x mark. [SEAL]
Sorrel Horse, his x mark. [SEAL]
Black Coal, his x mark. [SEAL]
Big Wolf, his x mark. [SEAL]
Knock-knee, his x mark. [SEAL]
Black Crow, his x mark. [SEAL]
The Lone Old Man, his x mark. [SEAL]
Paul, his x mark. [SEAL]
Black Bull, his x mark. [SEAL]
Big Track, his x mark. [SEAL]
The Foot, his x mark. [SEAL]
Black White, his x mark. [SEAL]
Yellow Hair, his x mark. [SEAL]
Little Shield, his x mark. [SEAL]
Black Bear, his x mark. [SEAL]
Wolf Mocassin, his x mark. [SEAL]
Big Robe, his x mark. [SEAL]
Wolf Chief, his x mark. [SEAL]
Robt.
P. McKibbin, captain, Fourth Infantry, brevet lieutenant-colonel, U. S. Army,
commanding Fort Laramie.
Wm. H. Powell, brevet major, captain, Fourth Infantry.
Henry W. Patterson, captain, Fourth Infantry.
Theo. E. True, second lieutenant, Fourth Infantry.
W. G. Bullock.
Chas. E. Guern, special Indian interpreter for the peace commission.
Fort
Laramie, Wg. T., Nov. 6, 1868
Makh-pi-ah-lu-tah,
his x mark, Red Cloud. [SEAL]
Wa-ki-ah-we-cha-shah, his x mark, Thunder Man. [SEAL]
Ma-zah-zah-geh, his x mark, Iron Cane. [SEAL]
Wa-umble-why-wa-ka-tuyah, his x mark, High Eagle. [SEAL]
Ko-ke-pah, his x mark, Man Afraid. [SEAL]
Wa-ki-ah-wa-kou-ah, his x mark, Thunder Flying Running. [SEAL]
W.
McE. Dye, brevet colonel, U. S. Army, commanding.
A. B. Cain, captain, Fourth Infantry, brevet major, U. S. Army.
Robt. P. McKibbin, captain, Fourth Infantry, brevet lieutenant-colonel, U. S.
Army.
Jno. Miller, captain, Fourth Infantry.
G. L. Luhn, first lieutenant, Fourth Infantry, brevet captain, U. S. Army.
H. C. Sloan, second lieutenant, Fourth Infantry.
Whittingham Cox, first lieutenant, Fourth Infantry.
A. W. Vogdes, first lieutenant, Fourth Infantry.
Butler D. Price, second lieutenant, Fourth Infantry.
HEADQRS.,
FORT LARAMIE, Novr. 6, 68.
Executed
by the above on this date.
All of the Indians are Ogallalahs excepting Thunder Man and Thunder Flying Running,
who are Brulés.
Wm.
McE. Dye,
Major Fourth Infantry, and Brevet-Colonel
U. S. Army, Commanding.
Jas.
C. O'Connor.
Nicholas Janis, interpreter.
Franc. La Framboise, interpreter
P.
J. De Smet, S.J., Missionary among the Indians.
Saml. D. Hinman, B. D., missionary.
Executed
on the part of the Uncpapa band of the Sioux, by the chiefs and headmen whose
names are hereto subscribed, they being thereunto and duly authorized.
Co-dam-i-ya,
his x mark, The Man that Goes in the Middle. [SEAL]
Ma-to-ca-wa-weksa, his x mark, Bear Rib. [SEAL]
Ta-to-ka-in-yan-ke, his x mark, Running Antelope. [SEAL]
Kan-gi-wa-ki-ta, his x mark, Looking Crow. [SEAL]
A-ki-ci-ta-han-ska, his x mark, Long Soldier. [SEAL]
Wa-ku-te-ma-ni, his x mark, The One who Shoots Walking. [SEAL]
Un-kca-ki-ka, his x mark, The Magpie. [SEAL]
Kan-gi-o-ta, his x mark, Plenty Crow. [SEAL]
Ha-ma-za, his x mark, Iron Horn. [SEAL]
Shun-ka-i-na-pin, his x mark, Wolf Necklace. [SEAL]
I-we-hi-yu, his x mark, The Man who Bleeds from the Mouth. [SEAL]
He-ha-ka-pa, his x mark, Elk Head. [SEAL]
I-zu-za, his x mark, Grind Stone. [SEAL]
Shun-ka-wi-tko, his x mark, Fool Dog. [SEAL]
Ma-kpi-ya-po, his x mark, Blue Cloud. [SEAL]
Wa-mni-pi-lu-ta, his x mark, Red Eagle. [SEAL]
Ma-to-can-te, his x mark, Bear's Heart. [SEAL]
A-ki-ci-ta-i-tan-can, his x mark, Chief Soldier. [SEAL]
Jas.
C. O'Connor.
Nicholas Janis, interpreter.
Franc. La Frambois[e], interpreter.
P. J. DeSmet, S.J., missionary among the Indians.
Saml. D. Hinman, missionary.
Executed
on the part of the Blackfeet band of the Sioux by the chiefs and headmen whose
names are hereto subscribed, they being thereunto duly authorized.
Can-te-pe-ta,
his x mark, Fire Heart. [SEAL]
Wan-mdi-kte, his x mark, The One who Kills Eagle. [SEAL]
Sho-ta, his x mark, Smoke. [SEAL]
Wan-mdi-ma-ni, his x mark, Walking Eagle. [SEAL]
Wa-shi-cun-ya-ta-pi, his x mark, Chief White Man. [SEAL]
Kan-gi-i-yo-tan-ke, his x mark, Sitting Crow. [SEAL]
Pe-ji, his x mark, The Grass. [SEAL]
Kda-ma-ni, his x mark, The One that Rattles as he Walks. [SEAL]
Wah-han-ka-sa-pa, his x mark, Black Shield. [SEAL]
Can-te-non-pa, his x mark, Two Hearts. [SEAL]
Jas.
C. O'Connor.
Nicholas Janis, interpreter.
Franc. La Framboise, interpreter.
P. J. DeSmet, S.J., missionary among the Indians.
Saml. D. Hinman, missionary.
Executed
on the part of the Cutheads band of the Sioux by the chiefs and headmen whose
names are hereto subscribed, they being thereunto duly authorized.
To-ka-in-yan-ka,
his x mark, The One who Goes Ahead Running. [SEAL]
Ta-tan-ka-wa-kin-yan, his x mark, Thunder Bull. [SEAL]
Sin-to-min-sa-pa, his x mark, All over Black. [SEAL]
Can-i-ca, his x mark, The One who Took the Stick. [SEAL]
Pa-tan-ka, his x mark, Big Head. [SEAL]
Jas.
C. O'Connor.
Nicholas Janis, interpreter.
Franc. La Frambois[e], interpreter.
P. J. DeSmet, S.J., missionary among the Indians.
Saml. D. Hinman, missionary.
Executed
on the part of the Two Kettle band of the Sioux by the chiefs and headmen whose
names are hereto subscribed, they being thereunto duly authorized.
Ma-wa-tan-ni-han-ska,
his x mark, Long Mandan. [SEAL]
Can-kpe-du-ta, his x mark, Red War Club. [SEAL]
Can-ka-ga, his x mark, The Log. [SEAL]
Jas.
C. O'Connor.
Nicholas Janis, interpreter.
Franc. La Framboise, interpreter.
P. J. DeSmet, S.J., missionary among the Indians.
Saml. D. Hinman, missionary.
Executed
on the part of the Sans Arch band of the Sioux by the chiefs and headmen whose
names are hereto subscribed, they being thereunto duly authorized.
He-na-pin-wa-ni-ca,
his x mark, The One that has Neither Horn. [SEAL]
Wa-inlu-pi-lu-ta, his x mark, Red Plume. [SEAL]
Ci-tan-gi, his x mark, Yellow Hawk. [SEAL]
He-na-pin-wa-ni-ca, is x mark, No Horn. [SEAL]
Jas.
C. O'Connor.
Nicholas Janis, interpreter.
Franc. La Frambois[e], interpreter.
P. J. DeSmet, S.J., missionary among the Indians.
Saml. D. Hinman, missionary.
Executed
on the part of the Santee band of the Sioux by the chiefs and headmen whose
names are hereto subscribed, they being thereunto duly authorized.
Wa-pah-shaw,
his x mark, Red Ensig. [SEAL]
Wah-koo-tay, his x mark, Shooter. [SEAL]
Hoo-sha-sha, his x mark, Red Legs. [SEAL]
O-wan-cha-du-ta, his x mark, Scarlet all over. [SEAL]
Wau-mace-tan-ka, his mark x, Big Eagle. [SEAL]
Cho-tan-ka-e-na-pe, his x mark, Flute-player. [SEAL]
Ta-shun-ke-mo-za, his x mark, His Iron Dog. [SEAL]
Saml. D. Hinman, missionary.
J. N. Chickering,
Second Lieutenant,
Twenty-second Infantry, brevet captain, U.S. Army.
P. J. DeSmet, S.J.
Nicholas Janis,
interpreter.
Franc. La Framboise,
interpreter.
Note: It was hard for me to ignore any spelling errors here but as this is a 'copy' of the actual document of the time I thought it more appropriate to leave it 'as originally written'.